Hope all is well. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. (1985). Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. AHR ~ 125 It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. . The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. Among these missionaries were Rev. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Collection of Eli Bentor. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. [13] Throughout the centuries, Efik traders traded with the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French. The group is a mutual aid society known for elaborate street dances and very high. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. In the culture we have discussed, the term jamu refers to: each person's family name, which connects the person to a famous character in the story of Sunjata. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. [36] Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World I am a young researcher who have a great love for forest conservation, community . Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Ethnographic - (Mask, Elephant, Cape, Chicken Feather); Elephant Mask with Chicken Feather Cape, Bekom People, Cameroon. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . the exhibition explores the long- Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references La communaut cubaine Abakudescendante des communauts fik Ekp et Ejagham gb du Sud Est du Nigria et du Sud Ouest du Camerouna t fonde la Havane dans les annes 1830 par des leaders capturs des villages de Cross River. [81] Many families sent their children to European captains to teach them English and the processes involved in the international trade. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. Unblock notifications in browser settings. Osirica brotherhood is the root of all the mason societies, dating back around 2300 B.C. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. In the culture we have discussed, the term nyama refers to: the power which exists in all things, which can be controlled only by special persons. ,sister Watz. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. [72] . The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. You are using an out of date browser. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. how to get a towing contract with geico university of west london ranking world university of west london ranking world Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. What role does religion play in society today? [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. Dropping by to say, "Hi!" In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. Here's a look inside. [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56].
Hoi4 How To Change Other Countries Ideology,
Laura Prieskorn Salary,
What Cheese Goes With Andouille Sausage,
Hickman High School Obituaries,
Boyfriend Too Close To Baby Mama,
Articles E